寄生草莓的英文俱樂部

WHAT IS SPEAKING?

1.       using speech to express meanings to other people.

Interaction: Interaction is ‘two-way communication’ that involves using language and body language to keep listener involved in what we are saying and to check that they understand our meaning.

Interactive strategies: are the means used, especially in speaking, to keep people involved and interested in what is said,

(1) Eye contact, using facial expressions

(2) Use of gestures,

(3) Functions such as repeating, asking for clarification.

(4) Asking check questions

(5) Clarifying your meaning

Function: The reason or purpose for communication, e.g. making a suggestion; giving advice.

Connected speech: Spoken language in which the words join to form a connected stream of sounds.

FLUENCY AND ACCURACY

Fluency, oral fluency: The use of connected speech at a natural speed without hesitation, repetition or self-correction. In a fluency activity, students typically give more attention to the communication of meaning, rather than correctness. See accuracy.

Accuracy: The use of correct forms of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. In an accuracy activity, students typically give more attention to correctness. See fluency.

KEY CONCENTS

1.       Speaking skills: (1) fluency (2) pronunciation (3) grammatical accuracy (4) body language.

2.       Controlled practice, restricted practice: When students practice the target language in restricted situations in which they have little or no choice of what language they use. The teacher focuses on accurate use of the target language.

3.       Less controlled, freer practice: When students practice the target language more freely, with more choice of what they say and what language they use. This gives more opportunities than controlled activities for learners to practice communication, interaction and fluency.

4.       Preparation for speaking: (1) practice necessary vocabulary (2) time to organize their idea (3) practice in pronouncing new words, expressions, (4) practice in carrying our a task.

5.       Speaking lesson activities:

²      Lead-in: an introduction to the topic of the lesson.

²      Practice activities or tasks.

²      Post-task activities: activities in which learners discuss the topic freely and/or ask teacher questions about the language used.

WHAT IS CONNECTED SPEECH?

Connected speech: 說話時實際的發音方式。

When we speak naturally we do not pronounce a word, stop, then say the next word in the sentence. Fluent speech flows with a rhythm and the words bump into each other. To make speech flow smoothly the way we pronounce the end and beginning of some words can change depending on the sounds at the beginning and end of those words.

Sounds link: Linking is a way of joining the pronunciation of two words so that they are easy to say and flow together smoothly. In English there are different ways that this happens.

Consonant to vowel linking - when the first word ends with a consonant sound and the second word begins with a vowel sound.

Linking 'r': In standard British English (RP) the letter 'r' after a vowel sound at the end of word is often not pronounced. However, when the following word begins with a vowel the /r/ sound is pronounced to make a smooth link.

Sounds disappear: When the sounds /t/ or /d/ occur between two consonant sounds, they will often disappear completely from the pronunciation.

Sounds join together: When a word ends in a consonant sound and the following word begins with the same consonant sound, we don't pronounce two sounds - both sounds are pronounced together as one.

Sounds change: When a word ends in a consonant sound and the following word begins with a consonant sound, depending on the particular sounds, the last sound of the first word or both the last sound and the first sound of the next word can change.